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城市住房政策失靈:巴西的歷程及其啟示(4)

核心提示: 城市住房問題需要國家干預,但干預政策也會有失靈風險,巴西的經驗鮮明地體現了這一點。雖然在城市化各階段,面對城市住房問題,巴西分別采取了有針對性的住房衛生政策、住房公共政策、乃至住房社會政策,但住房政策失靈現象一直都比較嚴重。巴西住房政策干預之所以長期失靈,根本原因在于其建國以來一直存在的經濟、政治和國際等方面的“三座大山”。巴西個案對中國城鎮化及解決住房問題有著重要的啟示。

四、結論

城市化必然帶來住房問題,并要求國家針對特定時期的具體狀況加以有針對性的干預。不過,國家自身卻可能失靈。在巴西,從早期城市化階段開始,非正規的自建房和貧民區等就是巴西城市人口滿足住房需要的重要方式,而國家也采取了一定的住房政策干預行動,如早期城市化階段的住房衛生政策,中期城市化階段的城市規劃政策,以及晚期城市化階段的住房社會政策;不過,在每個階段,這些政策總體上都是嚴重失靈的。直到今天,巴西城市貧民區和非正規住房都遠未根除。巴西城市住房政策失靈的原因,歸根結底在于巴西建國之時已經確立、而在整個城市化進程中不斷得到了再生產的“三座大山”傳統。實際上,國外勢力對國內的操縱、國內政治與經濟精英(包括大土地所有者)對國外勢力的依賴、國家精英構成的非現代性難免限制政府能力、造成政府失靈和對公民權利的重視程度的不足,并進而抑制住房政策對強化貧民區和非正規住房現象的干預效果。特別地,本研究還表明,如果1889年取消奴隸制作為巴西城市化的開始,一直截止到今天(2012年),其住房政策失靈的時間,至少長達113年。這表明,“三座大山”這一歷史因素的影響是極其深遠的。

巴西城市住房問題及其干預中的住房政策失靈,在一定程度上也能反映其他發展中國家特別是拉美國家的情況。中國同為發展中國家,正在推進城市化,面臨著各種各樣的住房問題,并且國家正在開展的住房政策干預,甚至存在總體失靈的可能。分析中國這一失靈的具體原因,不是本文的任務;不過,結合巴西的個案研究結果,卻也可以指出相關的啟示。亦即,要避免總體性的住房政策失靈,謀求國家的政治和經濟獨立是一個必要條件;加強法治和形成精英與大眾間的利益共生格局,則是另一必要條件。中國在前一個方面的條件已經具備,而在后一個方面還不完全具備。以后,要加強法治建設、保障住房領域中的公民資格,并加強收入分配的頂層設計和對經濟發展果實的真正共享,才能根除城市住房政策失靈的深層根源;否則,現有城市住房問題,還將持續好幾代人的時間。

注釋:

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